Question

Which of the following is not a type of learning suggested by Gagne ?

• A. Latent learning
• B. Multiple discrimination
• C. Chain learning
• D. Rule learning

Answer 1

Answer:

A. Latent learning

• Robert Gagne, a renowned educational psychologist, proposed the Conditions of Learning, where he identified a hierarchy of eight different types of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Latent learning, however, is a concept famously associated with Edward C. Tolman.

Gagne's Hierarchy of Learning

Gagne's eight types of learning (from lowest to highest level) are:

1. Signal Learning: Simple classical conditioning (Pavlovian).

2. Stimulus-Response Learning: Instrumental conditioning (Skinnerian).

3. Chain Learning : Linking two or more previously learned stimulus-response connections into a sequence (e.g., unlocking a door).

4. Verbal Association: A type of chaining where the links are verbal units.

5. Multiple Discrimination : Learning to give different responses to similar-looking stimuli (e.g., identifying different types of leaves).

6. Concept Learning: Responding to stimuli in terms of abstract characteristics.

7. Rule Learning : Learning the relationships between concepts and applying them (e.g., "water boils at 100°C").

8. Problem Solving: The highest level, where rules are combined to solve a problem.

Latent Learning

• Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or immediate change in behavior. It remains "hidden" until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Tolman's experiments with rats in mazes proved that they formed "cognitive maps" even without rewards.