Practice Questions

Based on the origin of the fruit, fruits are classified into true fruits and false fruits. True fruits are those that develop from ovary of a flower. False fruits are those that develops from ovary and other parts. False fruits are also called as inferior fruit.

Based on the origin of the fruit, fruits are classified into true fruits and false fruits

True fruits are those that develop from ovary of a flower

False fruits are those that develops from ovary and other parts

False fruits are also called as superior fruit

The edible part of a coconut is the endosperm. Edible part varies in every fruit. In pear and apple, the edible part is the swollen thalamus. And in a banana it’s the ovary of the flower that forms the fruit.

Wall of the fruit is called as “Pericarp”. The outer–most layer of epidermal cells is called epicarp and the inner most layer is called endo-carp. The edible part in an apple is the swollen thalamus.

Wall of the fruit is called as “Pericarp”

The outer –most layer of epidermal cells is called epicarp

Endosperm is usually absorbed and digested by the developing embryo. Seeds that lack endosperm at maturity are called non-endospermic seeds. Seeds that contain endosperm are called endospermic seeds. In non-endospermic seeds, embryo gets absorbed and digested even before the seed gets detached from the plant.

Endosperm is usually absorbed and digested by the developing embryo

Seeds that lack endosperm at maturity are called non-endospermic seeds

Seeds that contain endosperm are called endospermic seeds

In endospermic seeds, embryo gets absorbed and digested even before the seed gets detached from the plant

A seed mainly contains a seed coat and an embryo. Embryo contains cotyledons, radicle and plumule. Embryo also contains endosperm that reserves nutrition for the embryo. Plumule grows into the shoot and the radicle forms the root system.

A seed mainly contains a seed coat and an embryo

Embryo contains cotyledons, radicle and plumule

Embryo also contains endosperm that reserves nutrition for the embryo

Radicle grows into the shoot and the plumule forms the root system

Seedless fruits are formed if fertilization fails to takes place. In pineapple, ovary is the edible part and in pear both ovary and thalamus are edible. In a coconut endosperm is the edible part.

Seedless fruits are formed if fertilization fails to takes place

In pear, both ovary and thalamus are edible

Multiple ovaries of multiple flowers form multiple fruits. Fruitlets of multiple and aggregate fruits can be either fleshy or dry. Water melon is an example of multiple fruit. Pericarp in simple fleshy fruits is mostly fleshy.

Multiple ovaries of multiple flowers form multiple fruits

Fruitlets of multiple and aggregate fruits can be either fleshy or dry

Water melon is an example of multiple fruit

Pericarp in simple fleshy fruits is mostly fleshy

In simple dry fruits, the entire pericarp is dry and hard when it reaches maturity. In this type of fruits, a single ripened ovary with one or many seeds. In drupe, only mesocarp is fleshy and edible. Cherries are an example of drupe.

In simple dry fruits, the entire pericarp is dry and hard when it reaches maturity

In this type of fruits, a single ripened ovary with one or many seeds

In drupe, only mesocarp is fleshy and edible

Ovaries can be identified by their characteristic appearance by being the basal swollen part. The style connects the ovary with the stigma. An ovary may have one or more ovules.

Syncarpous means fused carpels. Carpels include the female reproductive structures–stigma, style, ovaries. It may exist singly or in a bunch. In syncarpous plants, the bunches are fused in different ways.

Papaver, commonly known as poppy is a syncarpous flower. The carpels in this flower are fused together. Sometimes the style and stigma maybe free like in hibiscus. In an apocarpous condition, the ovaries must be free.

The ovary carries the ovules. It has an ovarian cavity with one or more chambers or locules. There are different ways in which the ovules may align themselves in the ovary.

In apocarpous condition the ovaries must be free, though the other parts maybe fused. Example Oleandar. In simple words, separate carpels.

Stigma acts as a landing place for the pollen grains from where the style carries it to the ovaries for the fertilization. Stigma also checks the pollen grain for compatibility or incompatibility.

Pistil is the free unit of a gynoecium. A pistil has three parts-style, stigma and ovaries. Stigma acts as a landing platform for the pollens. Style is the long tube-like structure that carries the male gamete to the ovaries.

Gynoecium represents the female part of the flower. It consists of a stigma, style and ovaries. The gynoecium is non motile. It’s the pollens that are motile. They fall on the stigma which starts the fertilization process.

Periwinkle and China rose are examples of pentamerous flowers (5 floral appendages). Lilies are examples of trimerous flowers (3 floral appendages). Jasmine is an example of tetramerous flower (4 floral appendages).

A mustard flower is an example of an actinomorphic flower. A flower is said to be actinomorphic if it possesses radial symmetry and zygomorphic if it possesses bilateral symmetry.

In hypogynous flower, ovary is present at the uper most level when compared to sepals, petals and stamens. In perigynous flower, ovary is neither the bottom most whorl nor the top most whorl. Ovary in perigynous flower is called half superior ovary. Ovary in epigynous flower is called inferior ovary.

In hypogynous flower, ovary is present at the lower most level when compared to sepals, petals and stamens

In perigynous flower, ovary is neither the bottom most whorl nor the top most whorl

Ovary in perigynous flower is called half superior ovary

Ovary in epigynous flower is called inferior ovary

In hypogynous flower, gynoecium occupies the highest position. Superior ovary is present in hypogynous flower. In epigynous flower, gynoecium is the bottom most whorl. China rose is an example of hypogynous flower.

In hypogynous flower, gynoecium occupies the highest position

Superior ovary is present in hypogynous flower

In epigynous flower, gynoecium and other whorls of the flower remain on the same level

China rose is an example of hypogynous flower

A flower containing only stamen is called staminate. Based on symmetry, flowers are classified into actinomorphic, zygomorphic and asymmetric flowers. Flowers that possess radial symmetry is said to be actinomorphic flower. Canna is an asymmetric flower.

A flower containing only stamen is called staminate

Based on symmetry, flowers are classified into actinomorphic, zygomorphic and asymmetric flowers

Flowers that possess radial symmetry is said to be zygomorphic flower

Pea possesses bilateral symmetry. Jasmine is an example of tetramerous (4 floral appendages) flower. Papaya is an example of unisexual flower. Hibiscus is an example of pentamerous flower (5 floral appendages).

Jasmine is an example of trimerous flower

Hibiscus is an example of pentamerous flower

Vexilary aestivation is usually seen in pentamerous flowers. The largest petal overlaps 2 smaller ones, which in turn overlaps with the smallest petals. This kind of aestivation is found in pea flower.

Arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is called aestivation. In valvate aestivation, sepals or petals in a whorl just touch each other at the margin, without overlapping. In twisted aestivation, margin of a sepal overlaps with that of the next one and so on in either clock-wise or counter clock-wise direction. Gulmohar flower is an example of imbricate aestivation.

Arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is called aestivation

In valvate aestivation, sepals or petals in a whorl just touch each other at the margin, without overlapping

In twisted aestivation, margin of a sepal overlaps with that of the next one and so on in either clock-wise or counter clock-wise direction

Gulmohar flower is an example of twisted aestivation

In basal placentation, ovule is present at base of the ovary. In free central placentation, placenta is swollen at the centre and ovules get arranged around it. In apical placentation, ovule is present at apex of the ovary. Lemon is an example of axial placentation.

In basal placentation, ovule is present at base of the ovary

In parietal placentation, placenta is swollen at centre and ovules get arranged around it

In apical placentation, ovule is present at apex of the ovary

Lemon is an example of axial placentation

In marginal placentation, placenta develops on the ventral side of an ovary. Unlike marginal placentation where ovary is single chambered, in axile placentation ovary is multi-chambered. Okra (ladies finger) is an example of axial placentation i.e. ovary is multi-chambered and ovules are attached to the central axis. Papaya is an example of parietal placentation.

In marginal placentation, placenta develops on the ventral side of an ovary

Unlike marginal placentation where ovary is single chambered, in axile placentation ovary is multi-chambered

Okra is an example of axial placentation i.e. ovary is multi-chambered and ovules are attached to the central axis

Papaya is an example of basal placentation

Basal enclosed part of carpel is called ovary. Ovules are attached to cushion like structure called Placenta. Stigma is the part of the carpel that receives pollen grain. Arrangement of ovules within the ovary is called Placentation.

Basal enclosed part of carpel is called ovary

Ovules are attached to cushion like structure called Placenta

Stigma is the part of the carpel that receives pollen grain

Arrangement of ovules within the ovary is called Aestivation

In epiphyllous flowers, stamens are attached to perianth. Stamens attached to carpels are gynandrous. In monoadelphous, all filaments of stamens are bunched and all the stamens are free. In polystemonous, stamens are free i.e. they are neither attached to any part of the flower nor to each other.

In epiphyllous flowers, stamens are attached to perianth

Stamens attached to carpels are gynandrous

In monoadelphous, all filaments of stamens are bunched and all the stamens are united

In polystemonous, stamens are free i.e. they are neither attached to any part of the flower nor to each other

A stamen mainly contains of anther, filament and connective tissue. An anther is a bilobed structure present at the tip of filament with each lobe bearing 2 pollen sacs. Epipetalous flowers are those flowers in which stamens are attached to petals. Sunflower is an example of epipetalous.

A stamen mainly contains of anther, filament and connective tissue

An anther is a bilobed structure present at the tip of filament with each lobe bearing 2 pollen sacs

Epipetalous flowers are those flowers in which stamens are attached to petals

A flower has 4 whorls arranged successively i.e. calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Members of calyx and corolla are called as sepals and petals respectively. In polysepalous, the sepals are arranged in a free manner whereas in gamosepalous, the sepals are united. Tulip is an example of gamopetalus.

A flower has 4 whorls arranged successively i.e. calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium

Members of calyx and corolla are called as sepals and petals respectively

In polysepalous, the sepals are arranged in a free manner whereas in gamosepalous, the sepals are united

Petals are the colorful floral parts that attract insects and promote pollination. Sepals are the green color leaf like structure that ensures protection to bud. Pedicel is the stalk like structure that holds the leaves. Carpel is the female reproductive organ that produces ovum.

The swollen base of the lead is called as pulvinus which helps in the movement of the leaf and prevents leaf rigidity. It facilitates growth independent movement of the leaf.

Leaf margin is the boundary that extends along the edge of the leaf. The leaf margin is spiny in argemone. It is so to avoid excess transpiration that is to prevent excess evaporation of water.

Imparipinnate is also called as an odd-pinnate leaf. It is a pinnately compound leaves in which there is a lone terminal leaflet rather than a terminal pair of leaflets.

Pinnate venation is also known as unicostate venation. In pinnate venation, there is only one midrib and all the veins arise from the midrib and form a network.

Ramal leaf is the type of leaf that is found on branches. Cauline leaves are found on the node of the stem. Radical leaves develop from the underground stem.

Tendril is a specialized structure in climber plants that provides support and attachment to the plant. Therefore, the leaves get modified to tendril in these plants to perform its function.

The main function of the leaf is photosynthesis as it contains chloroplast in it. Chloroplast has a green pigment in it called chlorophyll that takes part in the process of photosynthesis.

Stipules are the leaf like structure that grows on the leaf base. The margin of the lamina can be entire, wavy or notched and the tip of the lamina can be round, acute or obtuse. The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf is called venation and veins are the vascular tissues of leaves. In pinnate reticulate, only one strong mid-rib is present.

Stipules are the leaf like structure that grows on the leaf base

The margin of the lamina can be entire, wavy or notched and the tip of the lamina can be round, acute or obtuse

The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf is called venation and veins are the vascular tissues of leaves

In pinnate reticulate, there are many strong ribs and these ribs can be either convergent or divergent

The arrangement of leaves in the plant is called phyllotaxy. In alternate phyllotaxy, a single leaf is present at each node. This kind of phyllotaxy is seen in China rose. In whorled phyllotaxy, multiple leaves are present at each node.

The arrangement of leaves in the plant is called phyllotaxy

In alternate phyllotaxy, a single leaf is present at each node

Opposite phyllotaxy is present in China rose

In whorled phyllotaxy, multiple leaves are present at each node

Scale leaves are present in Potato. These give protection to eyes, the region where new tubers grows. Scale leaves are also found on the outer part of the onion bulb and garlic.

Spines in cactus are due to modifications of leaves. Cactuses are mainly found in arid regions. So, in order to reduce transpiration of water leaves modify themselves into spines.

Simple leaves are those leaves that are either entire or incised without touching the mid-rib. Compound leaves are those leaves in which incisions reach the mid-rib breaking the lamina into leaflets called as ‘pinnate’. In palmate compound leaves, leaflets are attached at a common point. An axillary bud is present at the end of every leaf.

Simple leaves are those leaves that are either entire or incised without touching the mid-rib

Compound leaves are those leaves in which incisions reach the mid-rib breaking the lamina into leaflets called as ‘pinnate’

In palmate compound leaves, leaflets are attached at a common point

An axillary bud is present at the end of every leaflet

In reticulate venation, veins are arranged haphazardly. However in parallel venation, veins are arranged in a parallel manner. Both the kinds can be further classified into palmate and pinnate. In pinnate venation, only one strong mid-rib is present and in palmate venation more than one strong rib is present. Rice is an example of convergent palmate parallel venation.

In reticulate venation, veins are arranged haphazardly

In parallel venation, veins are arranged in a parallel manner

In palmate venation, only one strong mid-rib is present

Rice is an example of convergent palmate parallel venation

Lamina contains veins and veinlets that transmit water to different regions of the leaf. Petiole is flexible thin structure that helps in fluttering of leaves in the air. Based on the presence or absence of petiole, plants are classified into petiolate and sessile respectively. Since petiole is absent in grass, it is considered to be sessile. Legumes have a swollen leaf base called Pulvinus.

Lamina contains veins and veinlets that transmit water to different regions of the leaf

Petiole is flexible thin structure that helps in fluttering of leaves in the air

Legumes have a swollen leaf base called Pulvinus

Aerial stems can be classified into week stems and strong stems. Trailers are classified into procumbent, decumbent and diffuse based on the way they trail on the ground. Tridax is an example of decumbent stem. Climbers are those plants that climb on any neighboring plants using modified stem structure called tendrils.

Aerial stems can be classified into week stems and strong stems

Trailers are classified into procumbent, decumbent and diffuse based on the way they trail on the ground

Climbers are those plants that climb on any neighboring plants using modified stem structure called tendrils

In bulb, stem is underground and condensed with fleshy leaves. Leaves are arranged in concentric fashion. In onion, a single bulb is present whereas in garlic many bulbs combine to form a bigger bulb. Scale leaves are present on the bulb.

In bulb, stem is underground and condensed with fleshy leaves

Leaves are arranged in concentric fashion

Thick stems that grow horizontally under the soil are rhizomes. Nodes and internodes are present in this kind of stem and the adventitious roots arise from the node. Rhizomes are unaffected during unfavourable conditions. The edible part of ginger is the rhizome i.e. the underground stem.

Thick stems that grow horizontally under the soil are rhizomes

Nodes and internodes are present in this kind of roots and the adventitious roots arise from the node

Rhizomes are unaffected during unfavourable conditions

Runners are modified sub-aerial stem that run along the ground and roots develop at nodes. Suckers arise from the underground part of the stem and these roots are present in Mentha. Stolon arises from the base of the main stem and gives rise to a new plant when meets the soil. In pineapple, stem is modified into suckers.

Runners are modified sub-aerial stem that run along the ground and roots develop at nodes

Suckers arise from the underground part of the stem and these roots are present in Mentha

Stolon arises from the base of the main stem and gives rise to a new plant when meets the soil

In pineapple, stem is modified into stolon

Tendrils are tender and spirally coiled structures that arise from the axillary buds help in climbing of plants. Stem thorns are woody and pointed structures that develop from axial buds and provides protection of plants. Phylloclades are similar to stem thorns in structure but phylloclades are modification of leaves carry photosynthesis and also reduce transpiration. In cladodes, only some part of stem is fleshy and green and they are capable of performing photosynthesis.

Tendrils are tender and spirally coiled structures that arise from the axillary buds help in climbing of plants

Stem thorns are woody and pointed structures that develop from apical buds and provides protection of plants

Phylloclades are similar to stem thorns in structure but phylloclades are modification of leaves carry photosynthesis and also reduce transpiration

In cladodes, only some part of stem is fleshy and green and they are capable of performing photosynthesis

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