Practice Questions

If adrenal cortex does not function properly then one of the results may be Addison’s disease characterized by hypoglycaemia, weakness and increased susceptibility to stress. This may be fatal unless treated by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Steroid hormones are produced by adrenal cortex and gonads. Hormones released by the adrenal cortex play a very important role in the functions of the bod.

Low levels of iodine in the diet may lead to hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland. This can be controlled by adding sodium iodide to table salt to form iodised salt.

Thyroxine is an iodinated derivative of tyrosine. Abnormally low levels of thyroxine leads to hypothyroidism, which causes enlargement of thyroid gland (goitre). Increases level of thyroxine causes hyperthyroidism.

Oxytocin controls the contraction of the uterus during child birth and helps in the release of milk from mammary glands. Progesterone is responsible for the preparation of uterus for implantation of fertilised egg.

Insulin is released in response to the rapid rise in blood glucose level. On the other hand, the hormone glucagon tends to increase the glucose level in blood. These two hormones together regulate the blood glucose level.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amine hormones that mediate response to external stimuli. Adrenaline plays an important role in fight or flight situations by increasing blood flow to muscles, blood sugar level and pulse rate.

Hormones are chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands in the human body. They are carried to different parts of the body through the blood stream. Because of the action of hormones as intercellular communicators, they are called chemical messengers.

Insulin consists of a chain of 51 amino acids and hence is a polypeptide. Estrogen and androgen are steroids, whereas epinephrine is an amine.

Amine hormones are water-soluble compounds which have amino groups and are structurally derived from amino acids. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone.

FSH hormone produces a calorigenic effect. FSH is produced by an anterior pituitary gland and regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive process of the body.

FSH and LH are collectively known as gonadotrophic hormone. It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts on gonads controlling gamete and sex hormone production.

LH is a hormone produced by gonadotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise in LH triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum.

Thomas Addison is the father of endocrinology. In 1921 insulin was discovered and endocrinology became popular.

Epinephrine is a modified amino acid. It is a neurotransmitter. It increases cardiac output and raises glucose level in blood.

Adrenaline is a stress hormone. It is produced by adrenal glands and certain neurons. It is also known as epinephrine.

The ovary is the place where the oocyte is developed from the oogonia. It houses follicles that nourish and protect eggs before they are released in the process of ovulation for fertilization. It also produces sex hormones like estrogen, which are essential for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females. It does not hold the developing embryo. The embryo is held in the uterus.

Release the female gamete for fertilization

The Graafian follicle ruptures to release the egg into the fallopian tube. The ruptured Graafian follicle results in the filling of its lumen with theca and granulosa cells, which pigment it white. This degrading follicle is hence called corpus luteum, which is then transformed into corpus albicans.

Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and a few large pyramidal Sertoli cells. The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions finally leading to sperm formation, while Sertoli cells provide attachment and nutrition to the germ cells.

Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules. Each lobule contains one to three highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are produced.

Testes are extra-abdominal and suspended in the scrotal sacs by spermatic cords. In elephants, whales and seals, the testes are permanently intra-abdominal.

The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that signals darkness to the body. Exposure to light, even in low intensities and for short durations, can suppress melatonin production. This can disrupt the circadian rhythm and lead to poor sleep quality or insomnia.

Melatonin levels are high at night and low during the day. Melatonin makes you feel sleepy and ready for bed.

ACTH is adrenocorticitropic hormone. It is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by pituitary gland. ACTH controls the secretion of cortisol.

Adrenal cortex is an outer part of the gland. It produces vital hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. It also secretes a small amount of sex hormones.

Adrenal gland consists of Inner and outer layer of the kidney. The outer part is called adrenal cortex and inner region is known as adrenal medulla.

Addison disease is also called as hypocortisolism. It is a disorder in which adrenal gland doesn’t produce enough hormones. Insufficient amount of cortisol and aldosterone is produced.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, it is called a stress hormone.it helps in metabolism and immune response.

Increases blood sugar level in response to stress

Chromaffin cells are present in the adrenal medulla; they are innervated by the splanchnic nerve and secret adrenaline.

Adrenaline is known as flight and fight hormone. It is produced by adrenal glands, during stressful conditions adrenaline is released into the blood sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.

Adrenal cortex is the outer part of the gland. It produces hormones. Glomerular area of adrenal cortex is responsible for water and electrolyte balance.

Adrenaline and non adrenaline are hormones and act as Neurotransmitters. They are secreted by adrenaline glands. They are also chemical messengers.

ADH deficiency shows Polydipsia and Polyuria. Polydipsia is intense thirst despite drinking plenty of fluids. Polyuria is passing abnormally large amounts of urine.

Adrenaline hormone increases blood pressure. It sends a message in the form of an impulse to different parts of the body.

Adrenal gland is derived from Ectoderm and mesoderm. They are endocrine glands. They are found above the kidneys.

ADH is also known as vasopressin. It is a peptide prohormone.it acts on collecting tubules of kidneys.

The thymus is largest in children and reaches its maximum weight around puberty. As people age, the thymus shrinks and is replaced by fatty tissue. By age 75, the thymus weighs only about 6 grams.

Oxyphil cell is present. Along with that chief cells are also present. Oxyphilcellsappear at the onset of puberty.

Parathyroid glands are endocrine glands in the neck of humans. It is located on the back of the thyroid gland. They are four in numbers.

Posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid

Parathyroid gland is tiny glands. It controls the body’s calcium level. Each gland is about the size of a grain of rice.

It is an autoimmune disorder. Immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Thyroid are damaged and can’t make enough hormone.

Hypothyroidism is also called as underactive thyroid. A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

Hypothyroiditis symptoms include delayed puberty, hair loss, constipation, enlarged thyroid, high cholesterol. It does not include accumulation of urea in the blood.

Cuboidal epithelium is present in thyroid follicles. Follicular cells are responsible for the reduction and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth involving abrupt change in animals’ body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Metamorphosis in frog is controlled by thyroxin.

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland. It is found at the front of the neck below Adam’s apple.

Grave’s disease is also called as basedows disease. It results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones. It requires a medical diagnosis.

Acromegaly is a disorder in adults in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone. It requires a medical diagnosis.

Enzymes are proteins that boost the rate of reaction. Enzymes in pancreas combine with bile to break down the food.

Alpha cells are found in the Periphery of the islet while beta cells are usually found in the center of the islet. It secretes hormones.

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