ABehaviourism
BHumanism
CGestaltism
DPsychoanalysis
Answer:
D. Psychoanalysis
Read Explanation:
Reality Principle
The reality principle is a fundamental concept in Psychoanalysis, the psychological theory and therapy founded by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.
It refers to the ability of the mind to evaluate the external, real world and delay immediate gratification of instinctual impulses until realistic and socially appropriate means are available.
The Structural Model of Personality (Freud)
Freud divided human personality into three interacting components:
Id (Pleasure Principle): Operates completely in the unconscious; seeks instant gratification of basic drives and desires without regard for rules or consequences.
Ego (Reality Principle): Operates on logic and reality; functions as a mediator that balances the unrealistic demands of the Id with the moral rules of the Superego.
Superego (Morality Principle): Represents internalized moral values, conscience, societal standards, and the ego ideal.
Pleasure Principle vs. Reality Principle: While the pleasure principle demands immediate satisfaction, the reality principle postpones gratification to avoid negative consequences or social disapproval.
Secondary Process Thinking: The ego uses realistic, rational problem-solving mechanisms (known as secondary process thinking) to satisfy instinctual drives in a practical way.
Defense Mechanisms: When the ego faces difficulty mediating between the Id, Superego, and reality, it develops unconscious defense mechanisms (e.g., Repression, Sublimation, Projection) to protect against anxiety.
Behaviourism: Focuses on observable behaviors shaped by environmental stimuli, conditioning, and rewards (Watson, Skinner).
Humanism: Emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and human potential (Rogers, Maslow).
Gestaltism: Focuses on perception, viewing human mind and behavior as an integrated whole rather than individual parts (Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler).