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Which early management thinker is credited with applying techniques like production planning, quality control, cost control, and even market research in their engineering factory, demonstrating an early form of integrated management?

ACharles Babbage

BRobert Owen

CJames Watt Junior and Mathew Robinson Boulton

DHenry Robinson Towne

Answer:

C. James Watt Junior and Mathew Robinson Boulton

Read Explanation:

  • James Watt Junior and Mathew Robinson Boulton are noted for their advanced management techniques in their engineering factory. They applied specific methods such as production planning, standardization of components, elaborate statistical records, quality control, motion study, cost control, and even market research. This demonstrates a more integrated approach to management than their contemporaries. Charles Babbage focused on scientific and mathematical approaches and bonus systems. Robert Owen emphasized human relations and welfare. Henry Robinson Towne advocated for engineers and economists as managers.

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