Question

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between the Pre-scientific Management period and the Classical Theory? Which of the above statements is/are correct?

1. The Pre-scientific period saw no application of management techniques, whereas the Classical Theory was the first to implement them.
2. Robert Owen, a figure from the Pre-scientific period, introduced welfare measures, which foreshadowed the focus on human relations in the Neo-classical Theory.
3. The Pre-scientific period was characterized by a systematic and data-driven approach to management, unlike the Classical Theory which was based on broad administrative principles.

• A. None of these
• B. ii only
• C. All
• D. ii, iii

Answer 1

Answer:

B. ii only

• Management techniques were applied in ancient civilizations and in the early industrial factories of James Watt Junior, during the Pre-scientific period. The Classical Theory then formalized these ideas.

• The Classical Theory, particularly Taylor's Scientific Management, was the first to introduce a systematic, scientific, and data-driven approach to management. The Pre-scientific period, while having some notable applications, lacked a formal, systematic theory.