What is the typical impact of a tsunami when it reaches coastal areas?

According to the notes, which of these is NOT a common trigger for tsunamis?

What is the Japanese meaning of the word 'tsunami'?

Which of the following statements regarding the 'glowing avalanche' (pyroclastic flow) is incorrect?

1. The 'glowing avalanche' is considered the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption.
2. Its extreme heat and speed contribute to the danger of a pyroclastic flow.
3. Pyroclastic flows consist of a slow-moving mixture of volcanic gases and fragmented rock, making them relatively harmless.

Which of the following statements about different types of volcanic eruptions are correct?

1. Explosive eruptions are characterized by the violent expulsion of ash, gas, and rock fragments.
2. Effusive eruptions involve a relatively gentle outflow of lava.
3. The 'glowing avalanche' is a type of effusive eruption, known for its slow movement.

Which of the following statements accurately describes volcanic eruptions?

1. Volcanic eruptions involve the expulsion of molten rock and gases from a volcanic vent.
2. Only solid materials are ejected during a volcanic eruption, not gases.
3. The primary substance expelled during an eruption is magma after it reaches the Earth's surface.

What characterizes an explosive volcanic eruption?

What are the two primary modes in which volcanoes typically erupt?

Which type of volcanic eruption is considered the most dangerous due to its extreme heat and speed?

Identify the incorrect statement regarding landslides and their causes.

1. Landslides are exclusively slow-moving geological phenomena that pose little immediate threat.
2. Gravity is the fundamental force responsible for initiating and driving all types of landslides.
3. The saturation of ground due to melting snow, combined with the snow's weight, can increase landslide risk.
4. The removal of protective soil layers and vegetation through erosion can significantly weaken a slope, making it prone to landslides.

Consider the following factors. Which of them are common causes of landslides?

1. Heavy rainfall can saturate soil, significantly increasing its weight and reducing its stability.
2. Soil erosion strengthens slopes by removing loose material, making them more resilient.
3. Earth tremors and seismic activity can destabilize the ground, triggering mass movements.
4. Areas under heavy snow are prone to landslides due to the weight of the snow and ground saturation from melting.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a landslide?

1. A landslide is primarily the movement of soil or rock down a slope, driven by gravity.
2. The speed of a landslide is always rapid and destructive, leaving no time for evacuation.
3. The term 'landslide' exclusively refers to the downward movement of soil, not rock materials.
4. Landslides encompass any downward and outward movement of natural slope materials, including both rock and soil.

In areas under heavy snow, how can snow contribute to ground instability and potential landslides?

How does heavy rainfall contribute to the occurrence of landslides?

What is the primary natural force driving the movement of soil or rock in a landslide?

Identify the incorrect statement concerning earthquake magnitude and significant historical events.

1. The Richter magnitude scale is used to quantify the energy released by an earthquake at its source.
2. Earthquakes registering a magnitude of 6 and above on the Richter scale are often associated with highly devastating effects.
3. The Valdivia Earthquake in Chile, which recorded a magnitude of 9.5, is recognized as the largest earthquake ever recorded globally.
4. An earthquake's destructive power is solely determined by its Richter magnitude, irrespective of its depth or the local geological conditions.

Consider the following statements regarding the key characteristics of earthquakes:

1. Earthquakes strike suddenly, and their exact timing cannot be accurately predicted with current technology.
2. Regions prone to earthquakes are typically well-known due to distinct geological features and historical seismic activity.
3. Advanced scientific methods now allow for reliable forecasting of earthquake occurrences within a narrow time frame.

Which of the following statements about earthquakes and their immediate consequences is correct?

1. Earthquakes are primarily caused by immense forces leading to structural deformation deep within the Earth's interior.
2. Landslides, tidal waves, and tsunamis are common secondary hazards triggered by earthquakes.
3. The magnitude of an earthquake is typically measured at its impact zone using the Richter scale.
4. Only earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or higher on the Richter scale are generally considered to have devastating effects.

How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured, and what magnitude on the Richter scale is generally associated with the most devastating effects?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a secondary hazard often triggered by powerful earthquake events?

Which of the following are recognized categories of natural disasters?

1. Geophysical events are a category of natural disasters.
2. Biological events are also considered a category of natural disasters.
3. Hydrological and climatological events are distinct categories of natural disasters.
4. Natural disasters are only classified under a single, unified category, with no sub-classifications.

Regarding natural disasters, identify the correct statements:

1. Natural disasters are defined as physical phenomena.
2. They can result from either sudden or gradual events.
3. All natural disasters are caused solely by human activities.
4. Natural disasters are exclusively psychological phenomena.

If a natural disaster is classified as 'geophysical,' what does this imply about its origin?

Which category of natural disaster specifically relates to atmospheric conditions and weather patterns?

Natural disasters can originate from events characterized by which temporal aspect?

A Heat Wave is classified as which type of disaster?

Oil Spills are classified as:

Food Poisoning falls under which disaster category?

Which of these disasters is not categorized under 'Geological Disasters'?

Which list correctly represents disasters from the 'Water and Climate Related' category?

Which type of disaster is often human-made or human-influenced, as suggested by the categories?

Which of the following would generally be considered a natural disaster?

Forest Fires are grouped under which disaster category?

Epidemics are categorized as:

In which category are Floods listed?

Landslides and Mudflows are classified as which type of disaster?

Nuclear Incidents are classified under which disaster category?

Which of these is an example of a Biological Disaster?

Tsunamis are classified under which of the following disaster categories?

Which of the following statements comprehensively summarizes the definition of a disaster as per the Disaster Management Act, 2005?

1. A disaster is a serious event caused solely by natural factors, leading only to property damage.
2. A disaster is a catastrophe from natural or human-made causes, resulting in significant loss of life, suffering, property damage, or environmental degradation, whose scale overwhelms the affected community's coping ability.
3. A disaster is any minor incident that causes slight inconvenience to a specific area.

According to the Disaster Management Act, 2005, what is a crucial characteristic that defines a disaster in relation to the affected community?

1. Its nature or scale is such that it always results in international aid.
2. Its nature or scale is such that it exceeds the affected community's ability to cope.
3. It is defined only by the number of fatalities, regardless of coping ability.
4. The community must be fully self-sufficient to prevent it from being classified as a disaster.

In the context of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which statements accurately describe the outcomes of a disaster related to property and environment?

1. Disasters lead to damage or destruction of property.
2. Harm to or degradation of the environment is an outcome.
3. The definition solely focuses on human casualties, not property or environmental damage.
4. Only permanent damage, not temporary harm, is considered.

Which of the following is an incorrect outcome of a disaster as defined by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, concerning human impact?

1. Significant loss of life is an outcome.
2. Human suffering is a recognized outcome.
3. The act specifies that only physical injuries, not psychological suffering, are considered.
4. It explicitly mentions significant loss of life or human suffering.

According to the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which of the following are recognized causes of a disaster?

1. Disasters can only originate from natural phenomena.
2. Human-made causes are explicitly excluded from the definition.
3. Disasters can originate from natural or human-made causes, accidents, or negligence.
4. Only catastrophic events are considered; minor mishaps are not.

Which of the following best describes the core terms used to define a disaster according to the Disaster Management Act, 2005?

1. It is described as a minor inconvenience or a trivial incident.
2. It includes a catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or serious event.
3. The act focuses only on natural disasters, excluding human-made ones.

Regarding the ancient beliefs connected with the term 'disaster', which statement is true?

1. Ancient cultures primarily attributed disasters to divine punishment from gods.
2. The term 'désastre' reflects an ancient belief in celestial influence on unfortunate events.
3. The ancient belief implied that human actions solely caused all disasters.

Which of the following statements about the origin of the term 'disaster' is correct?

1. The term 'disaster' originates from a Greek word meaning 'great catastrophe'.
2. It comes from the French word 'désastre'.
3. 'Désastre' is a blend of 'dés' (bad) and 'astre' (star).
4. The literal translation of 'désastre' is 'good fortune'.

A disaster is broadly defined as a catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or what type of event?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential outcome of a disaster according to the provided definition?

What crucial characteristic distinguishes a disaster from other events, regarding the affected community?